《my name is red-我的名字叫红》我的名字叫红-第187章

Mejnun；　The　Seven　Beauties　and　The　Book　of　Alexander　the　Great。　
1258：　The　Sack　of　Baghdad。　Hulagu　（reigned　1251–1265）；　the　grandson　of　
Genghis　Khan；　conquered　Baghdad。　
1300–1922： The Ottoman Empire； a Sunni Muslim power； ruled south…
eastern　Europe；　the　Middle　East　and　North　Africa。　At　its　greatest　extent；　the　
empire　reached　the　gates　of　Vienna　and　Persia。　
1370–1405：　Reign　of　the　Turkic　ruler　Tamerlane。　Subdued　the　areas　that　the　
Blacksheep　ruled　in　Persia。　Tamerlane　conquered　areas　from　Mongolia　to　the　
Mediterranean including parts of Russia； India； Afghanistan； Iran； Iraq and　
Anatolia　（where　he　defeated　the　Ottoman　Sultan　Bayazid　I　in　1402）。　
1370–1526： The Timurid Dynasty； established by Tamerlane； fostered a　
brilliant　revival　of　artistic　and　intellectual　life；　and　ruled　in　Persia；　central　Asia　
and　Transoxiana。　The　schools　of　miniature　painting　at　Shiraz；　Tabriz　and　Herat　
flourished under the Timurids。 In the early fifteenth century Herat was the　
center　of　painting　in　the　Islamic　world　and　home　to　the　great　master　Bihzad。　
1375–1467：　The　Blacksheep；　a　Turkmen　tribal　federation；　ruled　over　parts　of　
Iraq； eastern Anatolia and Iran。 Jihan Shah （reigned 1438–67）； the last　
Blacksheep　ruler；　was　defeated　by　the　Whitesheep　Tall　Hasan　in　1467。　
446　
1378–1502： The Whitesheep federation of Turkmen tribes ruled northern　
Iraq； Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia。 Whitesheep ruler Tall Hasan （reigned　
1452–78） failed in his attempts to contain the eastward expansion of the　
Ottomans；　but　he　defeated　the　Blacksheep　Jihan　Shah　in　1467　and　the　Timurid　
Abu　Said　in　1468；　extending　his　dominions　to　Baghdad；　Herat；　and　the　Persian　
Gulf。　
1453：　Ottoman　Sultan　Mehmet　the　Conqueror　took　Istanbul。　Demise　of　
the Byzantine Empire。 Sultan Mehmet later missioned his portrait from　
Bellini。　
1501–1736：　The Safavid Empire ruled in Persia。 The establishment of Shia　
Islam　as　the　state　religion　helped　unify　the　empire。　The　seat　of　the　empire　was　
at　first　located　in　Tabriz；　then　moved　to　Kazvin；　and　later；　to　Isfahan。　The　first　
Safavid ruler； Shah Ismail （reigned 1501–24）； subdued the areas that the　
Whitesheep　ruled　in　Azerbaijan　and　Persia。　Persia　weakened　appreciably　during　
the　rule　of　Shah　Tahmasp　I　（reigned　1524–76）。　
1512： The Flight of Bihzad。 The great miniaturist Bihzad emigrated from　
Herat　to　Tabriz。　
1514： The Plunder of the Seven Heavens Palace。 The Ottoman Sultan　
Selim　the　Grim；　after　defeating　the　Safavid　army　at　Chaldiran；　plundered　the　
Seven Heavens Palace in Tabriz。 He returned to Istanbul with an exquisite　
collection　of　Persian　miniatures　and　books。　
1520–66： Süleyman the Magnificent and the Golden Age of Ottoman　
Culture。　The　reign　of　Ottoman　Sultan　Süleyman　the　Magnificent。　Important　
conquests expanded the empire to the east and the west； including the first　
seige　of　Vienna　（1529）　and　the　capture　of　Baghdad　from　the　Safavids　（1535）。　
1556–1605： Reign of Akbar； Emperor of Hindustan； a descendant of　
Tamerlane　and　Genghis　Khan。　He　established　miniaturists’　workshops　in　Agra。　
1566–74：　The　reign　of　Ottoman　Sultan　Selim　II。　Peace　treaties　signed　with　
Austria　and　Persia。　
1571： The Battle of Lepanto。 A four…hour naval battle between allied　
Christian forces and the Ottomans subsequent to the Ottoman invasion of　
Cyprus （1570）。 Though the Ottomans were defeated； Venice surrendered　
Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1573。 The battle had great impact on European　
morale　and　was　the　subject　of　paintings　by　Titian；　Tintoretto　and　Veronese。　
1574–95：　The　reign　of　Ottoman　Sultan　Murat　III　（during　whose　rule　the　
events　of　our　novel　take　place）。　His　rule　witnessed　a　series　of　struggles　between　
447　
1578–90 known as the Ottoman…Safavid wars。 He was the Ottoman sultan　
most interested in miniatures and books； and he had the Book of Skills； the　
Book of Festivities and the Book of Victories produced in Istanbul。 The most　
prominent Ottoman miniaturists； including Osman the Miniaturist （Master　
Osman）　and　his　disciples；　contributed　to　them。　
1576：　Shah　Tahmasp’s　Peace　Offering　to　the　Ottomans。　After　decades　of　
hostility；　Safavid　Shah　Tahmasp　made　a　present　to　the　Ottoman　Sultan　Selim　II　
upon the death of Süleyman the Magnificent in an attempt to foster future　
peace。 Among the gifts sent to Edirne is an exceptional copy of the Book of　
Kings； produced over a period of twenty…five years。 The book was later　
transferred　to　the　Treasury　in　the　Topkapi　Palace。　
1583：　The　Persian　miniaturist　Velijan　（Olive）；　about　ten　years　after　ing　
to　Istanbul；　is　missioned　to　work　for　the　Ottoman　court。　
1587–1629：　Reign　of　the　Safavid　Persian　ruler　Shah　Abbas　I；　begins　with　the　
deposition of his father Muhammad Khodabandeh。 Shah Abbas reduced　
Turkmen power in Persia by moving the capital from Kazvin to Isfahan。 He　
made　peace　with　the　Ottomans　in　1590。　
1591：　The　Story　of　Black　and　the　Ottoman　Court　Painters。　A　year　before　
the thousandth anniversary （calculated in lunar years） of the Hegira； Black　
returns　to　Istanbul　from　the　east；　beginning　the　events　recounted　in　the　novel。　
1603–17： The reign of Ottoman Sultan Ahmet I； who destroyed the large　
clock　with　statuary　sent　to　the　sultan　as　a　present　by　Queen　Elizabeth　I。　
448　
Orhan　Pamuk　
MY　NAME　IS　RED　
Orhan　Pamuk　is　the　author　of　seven　novels　and　the　recipient　
of　major　Turkish　and　international　literary　awards。　
He　is　one　of　Europe’s　most　prominent　novelists；　and　
his　work　has　been　translated　into　twenty…six　languages。　
He　lives　in　Istanbul。　
a　note　about　the　translator　
Erda？　M。　G？knar　is　visiting　assistant　professor　of　Turkish　language　
and　culture　at　Duke　University。　He　is　also　writing　his　first　novel。　
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