《VB2008从入门到精通(PDF格式英文版)》第185章


Write a console application that populates the draws table using a lottery file。 Write a
console application that dumps the contents of the draws table as a lottery file。
2。 Create a console application that accepts as mand…line arguments a winner and
the date of the draw。 Your console application must account for doubles and populate
both the persons and winners tables。 
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C H A P T E R 1 5 
■ ■ ■ 
Learning About LINQ 
In the previous chapter; you learned about how to access a database using the traditional
ADO technologies。 When you make ADO requests; you are making SQL calls and
organizing the result set data using SQL。
Language Integrated Query (LINQ) is a technology that lets you organize your results in a
consistent manner; regardless of the underlying source of the data。 Why yet another technology
to query information? The answer is related to XML。 
XML is a technology used to represent information in a hierarchical manner。 You saw an
example of XML in Chapter 12。 XML has solved many problems in an elegant and understand
able manner。 One of the solutions proposed by XML is the ability to reference information in
an XML structure with XPath; which is a way of referencing an object structure using a set of
filters。 Using XPath; you can find any node; and the filters can include the presence of depen
dent elements; which is not easily possible in other technologies。 Put simply; XPath and XML
are very powerful techniques used to find information。 
You can consider XML and XPath as inspiration for LINQ。 Where LINQ and XML XPath
deviate is that LINQ can be used to query Visual Basic collection objects; XML documents; and
relational databases。 Think of LINQ as a general mechanism used to search a collection of
information。 The focus of this chapter will be to explain the mechanics of LINQ; and demon
strate how to write queries and use the methods associated with the LINQ library。
Finding the Frequency of Winning Numbers 
The lottery application we’ve been working with in previous chapters collects information
about lottery drawings to predict the next set of winning lottery numbers。 The idea is to find
patterns。 Again; the reality is that lottery drawings are random; so even if you could identify
patterns; that wouldn’t mean you could predict winning numbers。 However; what is interesting
about this problem is that you can use LINQ to slice and dice the data。 LINQ lets you keep the
data as objects; and to perform SQLand XPath…like operations; as you’ll see in this chapter。
In Chapter 10; you saw a streaming architecture; where a console application read in text
data and spat out text data。 You also saw examples of text…to…binary and binary…to…text conver
sions。 The application in this chapter (in the FrequencyProcessor project) will read in text; process
the data; and then generate text describing the frequency of lottery numbers。 Thus; we need to
use the text…to…text interface; which was defined in Chapter 10 as follows: 
395 
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396 CH AP T E R 1 5 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T L I N Q 
Public Interface IProcessor
Function Process(ByVal input As String) As String 
End Interface 
The input is a text stream that looks like this: 
2006。03。11 3 7 15 28 30 38 44 
2006。03。15 10 18 30 34 41 43 5 
2006。03。18 3 11 12 16 20 40 9 
2006。03。22 2 3 7 13 42 43 41 
2006。03。25 3 10 36 40 43 44 35 
2006。03。29 3 4 8 16 34 39 45 
If you want to find the frequency of the individual numbers; you could parse each individual
number; and then increment the count of the individual number as an array; like this:
Dim frequency As Integer = 0 
Dim splitUpText() As String = lineOfText。Split(New Char() {〃 〃c}) 
frequency(Integer。Parse(splitUpText(0))) += 1 
frequency(Integer。Parse(splitUpText(1))) += 1 
。 。 。 
The split line of text contains the list of numbers; separated by spaces; which is then converted
to a series of numbers; each of which is used as an index for the frequency。 The solution is fast
and works; but it has a big problem: it is not extendable。 The solution solves a single problem
and only a single problem。 
For example; let’s say that you want to figure out other statistical information; such as which
numeric binations occur most often。 Using the previous solution; that would require
reparsing the text stream again。 That is an expensive and tedious solution。 The better solution
would be to convert the stream into a series of objects that could be processed。 
However; the problem at hand is calculating the frequency of individual numbers。 So why
exert the extra effort if the solution that solves the single problem works? Writing good code
means solving problems using a generic but specific approach。 You want to write specific code
so that you do not get bogged down in thinking about details in the future; and you want to
write generic code so that any future requirement does not cause you to pletely rewrite the
old application。 Knowing when to write specific code and when to write generic code is really
a matter of experience—the only way to learn is to write code。 
Extending the Lottery…Prediction System 
In Chapter 10; the IPr
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