《哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)》philosophy of history(英文版)-第22章

distinction　which　the　reflective　understanding　makes　between　an　idea　and　the　corresponding
reality；　holding　to　an　abstract　and　consequently　untrue　idea；　not　grasping　it　in　its　pleteness；　or　…
which　is　virtually；　though　not　in　point　of　form；　the　same　…　not　taking　a　concrete　view　of　a　people
and　a　state。　We　shall　have　to　show　further　on　that　the　constitution　adopted　by　a　people　makes　one
substance　…　one　spirit　…　with　its　religion；　its　art　and　philosophy；　or；　at　least；　with　its　conceptions　and
thoughts　…　its　culture　generally；　not　to　expatiate　upon　the　additional　influences；　ab　extra；　of
climate；　of　neighbours；　of　its　place　in　the　world。　A　State　is　an　individual　totality；　of　which　you
cannot　select　any　particular　side；　although　a　supremely　important　one；　such　as　its　political
constitution；　and　deliberate　and　decide　respecting　it　in　that　isolated　form。　Not　only　is　that
constitution　most　intimately　connected　with　and　dependent　on　those　other　spiritual　forces；　but　the
form　of　the　entire　moral　and　intellectual　individuality　…　prising　all　the　forces　it　embodies　…　is
only　a　step　in　the　development　of　the　grand　Whole；　…　with　its　place　pre…appointed　in　the　process：　a
fact　which　gives　the　highest　sanction　to　the　constitution　in　question；　and　establishes　its　absolute
necessity。　…The　origin　of　a　State　involves　imperious　lordship　on　the　one　hand；　instinctive
submission　on　the　other。　But　even　obedience　…　lordly　power；　and　the　fear　inspired　by　a　ruler　…　in
itself　implies　some　degree　of　voluntary　connection。　Even　in　barbarous　states　this　is　the　case；　it　is
not　the　isolated　will　of　individuals　that　prevails；　individual　pretensions　are　relinquished；　and　the
general　will　is　the　essential　bond　of　political　union。　This　unity　of　the　general　and　the　particular　is　the
Idea　itself；　manifesting　itself　as　a　State；　and　which　subsequently　undergoes　further　development
within　itself。　The　abstract　yet　necessitated　process　in　the　development　of　truly　independent　states　is
as　follows：　…　They　begin　with　regal　power；　whether　of　patriarchal　or　military　origin。　In　the　next
phase；　particularity　and　individuality　assert　themselves　in　the　form　of　Aristocracy　and　Democracy。
Lastly；　we　have　the　subjection　of　these　separate　interests　to　a　single　power；　but　which　can　be
absolutely　none　other　than　one　outside　of　which　those　spheres　have　an　independent　position；　viz。；
the　Monarchical。　Two　phases　of　royalty；　therefore；　must　be　distinguished；　…　a　primary　and　a
secondary　one。　This　process　is　necessitated；　so　that　the　form　of　government　assigned　to　a
particular　stage　of　development　must　present　itself：　it　is　therefore　no　matter　of　choice；　but　is　that
form　which　is　adapted　to　the　spirit　of　the　people。　
§　48
In　a　Constitution　the　main　feature　of　interest　is　the　self…development　of　the　rational；　that　is；　the
political　condition　of　a　people；　the　setting　free　of　the　successive　elements　of　the　Idea：　so　that　the
several　powers　in　the　State　manifest　themselves　as　separate；　…　attain　their　appropriate　and　special
perfection；　…　and　yet　in　this　independent　condition；　work　together　for　one　object；　and　are　held
together　by　it　…　i。e。；　form　an　organic　whole。　The　State　is　thus　the　embodiment　of　rational　freedom；
realising　and　recognising　itself　in　an　objective　form。　For　its　objectivity　consists　in　this；　…　that　its
successive　stages　are　not　merely　ideal；　but　are　present　in　an　appropriate　reality；　and　that　in　their
separate　and　several　working；　they　are　absolutely　merged　in　that　agency　by　which　the　totality　…　the
soul　…　the　individual　unity　…　is　produced；　and　of　which　it　is　the　result。　
§　49
The　State　is　the　Idea　of　Spirit　in　the　external　manifestation　of　human　Will　and　its　Freedom。　It　is　to
the　State；　therefore；　that　change　in　the　aspect　of　History　indissolubly　attaches　itself；　and　the
successive　phases　of　the　Idea　manifest　themselves　in　it　as　distinct　political　principles。　The
Constitutions　under　which　World…Historical　peoples　have　reached　their　culmination；　are　peculiar
to　them；　and　therefore　do　not　present　a　generally　applicable　political　basis。　Were　it　otherwise；　the
differences　of　similar　constitutions　would　consist　only　in　a　peculiar　method　of　expanding　and
developing　that　generic　basis；　whereas　they　really　originate　in　diversity　of　principle。　From　the
parison　therefore　of　the　political　institutions　of　the　ancient　World…Historical　peoples；　it　so
happens；　that　for　the　most　recent　principle　of　a　Constitution　…　for　the　principle　of　our　own　times　…
nothing　（so　to　speak）　can　be　learned。　In　science　and　art　it　is　quite　otherwise；　e。　g。；　the　ancient
philosophy　is　so　decidedly　the　basis　of　the　modern；　that　it　is　inevitably　contained　in　the　latter；　and
constitutes　its　basis。　In　this　case　the　relation　is　that　of　a　continuous　development　of　the　same
structure；　whose　foundation…stone；　walls；　and　roof　have　remained　what　they　were。　In　Art；　the
Greek　itself；　in　its　original　form；　furnishes　us　the　best　models。　But　in　regard　to　political　constitution；
it　is　quite　otherwise：　here　the　Ancient　and　the　Modern　have　not　their　essential　principle　in　mon。
Abstract　definitions　and　dogmas　respecting　just　government；　…　importing　that　intelligence　and　virtue
ought　to　bear　sway　…　are；　indeed；　mon　to　both。　But　nothing　is　so　absurd　as　to　look　to　Greeks；
Romans；　or　Orientals；　for　models　for　the　political　arrangements　of　our　time。　From　the　East　may　be
derived　beautiful　pictures　of　a　patriarchal　condition；　of　paternal　government；　and　of　devotion　to　it
on　the　part　of　peoples；　from　Greeks　and　Romans；　descriptions　of　popular　liberty。　Among　the　latter
we　find　the　idea　of　a　Free　Constitution　admitting　all　the　citizens　to　a　share　in　deliberations　and
resolves　respecting　the　affairs　and　laws　of　the　monwealth。　In　our　times；　too；　this　is　its　general
acceptation；　only　with　this　modification；　that　…　since　our　States　are　so　large；　and　there　are　so　many
of　〃the　Many；〃　the　latter；　…　direct　action　being　impossible；　…　should　by　the　indirect　method　of
elective　substitution　express　their　concurrence　with　resolves　affecting　the　mon　weal；　that　is；
that　for　legislative　purposes　generally；　the　people　shou