《君主论-the prince(英文版)》the prince(英文版)-第19章

kept　it；　would　have　deprived　him　ofreputation　and　kingdom　many　a　time。1。　Maximilian　I；　Holy　Roman　Emperor。CHAPTER　XIXTHAT　ONE　SHOULD　AVOID　BEING　DESPISED　AND　HATEDNow；　concerning　the　characteristics　of　which　mention　is　made　above；　Ihave　spoken　of　the　more　important　ones；　the　others　I　wish　to　discussbriefly　under　this　generality；　that　the　prince　must　consider；　as　hasbeen　in　part　said　before；　how　to　avoid　those　things　which　will　make　himhated　or　contemptible；　and　as　often　as　he　shall　have　succeeded　he　willhave　fulfilled　his　part；　and　he　need　not　fear　any　danger　in　otherreproaches。It　makes　him　hated　above　all　things；　as　I　have　said；　to　be　rapacious；and　to　be　a　violator　of　the　property　and　women　of　his　subjects；　fromboth　of　which　he　must　abstain。　And　when　neither　their　property　norhonour　is　touched；　the　majority　of　men　live　content；　and　he　has　only　tocontend　with　the　ambition　of　a　few；　whom　he　can　curb　with　ease　in　manyways。It　makes　him　contemptible　to　be　considered　fickle；　frivolous；effeminate；　mean…spirited；　irresolute；　from　all　of　which　a　prince　shouldguard　himself　as　from　a　rock；　and　he　should　endeavour　to　show　in　hisactions　greatness；　courage；　gravity；　and　fortitude；　and　in　his　privatedealings　with　his　subjects　let　him　show　that　his　judgments　areirrevocable；　and　maintain　himself　in　such　reputation　that　no　one　canhope　either　to　deceive　him　or　to　get　round　him。That　prince　is　highly　esteemed　who　conveys　this　impression　of　himself；and　he　who　is　highly　esteemed　is　not　easily　conspired　against；　for；provided　it　is　well　known　that　he　is　an　excellent　man　and　revered　by　hispeople；　he　can　only　be　attacked　with　difficulty。　For　this　reason　aprince　ought　to　have　two　fears；　one　from　within；　on　account　of　hissubjects；　the　other　from　without；　on　account　of　external　powers。　Fromthe　latter　he　is　defended　by　being　well　armed　and　having　good　allies；and　if　he　is　well　armed　he　will　have　good　friends；　and　affairs　willalways　remain　quiet　within　when　they　are　quiet　without；　unless　theyshould　have　been　already　disturbed　by　conspiracy；　and　even　shouldaffairs　outside　be　disturbed；　if　he　has　carried　out　his　preparations　andhas　lived　as　I　have　said；　as　long　as　he　does　not　despair；　he　will　resistevery　attack；　as　I　said　Nabis　the　Spartan　did。But　concerning　his　subjects；　when　affairs　outside　are　disturbed　he　hasonly　to　fear　that　they　will　conspire　secretly；　from　which　a　prince　caneasily　secure　himself　by　avoiding　being　hated　and　despised；　and　bykeeping　the　people　satisfied　with　him；　which　it　is　most　necessary　forhim　to　acplish；　as　I　said　above　at　length。　And　one　of　the　mostefficacious　remedies　that　a　prince　can　have　against　conspiracies　is　notto　be　hated　and　despised　by　the　people；　for　he　who　conspires　against　aprince　always　expects　to　please　them　by　his　removal；　but　when　theconspirator　can　only　look　forward　to　offending　them；　he　will　not　havethe　courage　to　take　such　a　course；　for　the　difficulties　that　confront　aconspirator　are　infinite。　And　as　experience　shows；　many　have　been　theconspiracies；　but　few　have　been　successful；　because　he　who　conspirescannot　act　alone；　nor　can　he　take　a　panion　except　from　those　whom　hebelieves　to　be　malcontents；　and　as　soon　as　you　have　opened　your　mind　toa　malcontent　you　have　given　him　the　material　with　which　to　contenthimself；　for　by　denouncing　you　he　can　look　for　every　advantage；　so　that；seeing　the　gain　from　this　course　to　be　assured；　and　seeing　the　other　tobe　doubtful　and　full　of　dangers；　he　must　be　a　very　rare　friend；　or　athoroughly　obstinate　enemy　of　the　prince；　to　keep　faith　with　you。And；　to　reduce　the　matter　into　a　small　pass；　I　say　that；　on　the　sideof　the　conspirator；　there　is　nothing　but　fear；　jealousy；　prospect　ofpunishment　to　terrify　him；　but　on　the　side　of　the　prince　there　is　themajesty　of　the　principality；　the　laws；　the　protection　of　friends　and　thestate　to　defend　him；　so　that；　adding　to　all　these　things　the　populargoodwill；　it　is　impossible　that　any　one　should　be　so　rash　as　toconspire。　For　whereas　in　general　the　conspirator　has　to　fear　before　theexecution　of　his　plot；　in　this　case　he　has　also　to　fear　the　sequel　tothe　crime；　because　on　account　of　it　he　has　the　people　for　an　enemy；　andthus　cannot　hope　for　any　escape。Endless　examples　could　be　given　on　this　subject；　but　I　will　be　contentwith　one；　brought　to　pass　within　the　memory　of　our　fathers。　MesserAnnibale　Bentivoglio；　who　was　prince　in　Bologna　（grandfather　of　thepresent　Annibale）；　having　been　murdered　by　the　Canneschi；　who　hadconspired　against　him；　not　one　of　his　family　survived　but　MesserGiovanni；　who　was　in　childhood：　immediately　after　his　assassination　thepeople　rose　and　murdered　all　the　Canneschi。　This　sprung　from　the　populargoodwill　which　the　house　of　Bentivoglio　enjoyed　in　those　days　inBologna；　which　was　so　great　that；　although　none　remained　there　after　thedeath　of　Annibale　who　were　able　to　rule　the　state；　the　Bolognese；　havinginformation　that　there　was　one　of　the　Bentivoglio　family　in　Florence；who　up　to　that　time　had　been　considered　the　son　of　a　blacksmith；　sent　toFlorence　for　him　and　gave　him　the　government　of　their　city；　and　it　wasruled　by　him　until　Messer　Giovanni　came　in　due　course　to　the　government。For　this　reason　I　consider　that　a　prince　ought　to　reckon　conspiracies　oflittle　account　when　his　people　hold　him　in　esteem；　but　when　it　ishostile　to　him；　and　bears　hatred　towards　him；　he　ought　to　feareverything　and　everybody。　And　well…ordered　states　and　wise　princes　havetaken　every　care　not　to　drive　the　nobles　to　desperation；　and　to　keep　thepeople　satisfied　and　contented；　for　this　is　one　of　the　most　importantobjects　a　prince　can　have。Among　the　best　ordered　and　governed　kingdoms　of　our　times　is　France；　andin　it　are　found　many　good　institutions　on　which　depend　the　liberty　andsecurity　of　the　king；　of　these　the　first　is　the　parliament　and　itsauthority；　because　he　who　founded　the　kingdom；　knowing　the　ambition　ofthe　nobility　and　their　boldness；　considered　that　a　bit　in　their　mouthswould　be　necessary　to　hold　them　in；　and；　on　the　other　side；　knowing　thehatred　of　the　people；　founded　in　fear；　against　the　nobles；　he　wished　toprotect　them；　yet　he　was　not　anxious　for　this　to　be　the　particular　careof　the　king；　therefore；　to　take　away　the　reproach　which　he　would　beliable　to