《君主论-the prince(英文版)》the prince(英文版)-第4章

as　beenraised　to　power。1。　So　called　……　in　Italian　……　from　the　duchy　of　Valentinois；　conferredon　him　by　Louis　XII。CHAPTER　IVWHY　THE　KINGDOM　OF　DARIUS；　CONQUERED　BY　ALEXANDER；　DID　NOT　REBEL　AGAINSTTHE　SUCCESSORS　OF　ALEXANDER　AT　HIS　DEATHCONSIDERING　the　difficulties　which　men　have　had　to　hold　a　neight　wonder　how；　seeing　that　Alexander　the　Great　became　themaster　of　Asia　in　a　few　years；　and　died　whilst　it　was　yet　scarcelysettled　（whence　it　might　appear　reasonable　that　the　whole　empire　wouldhave　rebelled）；　nevertheless　his　successors　maintained　themselves；　andhad　to　meet　no　other　difficulty　than　that　which　arose　among　themselvesfrom　their　own　ambitions。I　answer　that　the　principalities　of　which　one　has　record　are　found　to　begoverned　in　two　different　ways：　either　by　a　prince；　with　a　body　ofservants；　who　assist　him　to　govern　the　kingdom　as　ministers　by　hisfavour　and　permission；　or　by　a　prince　and　barons；　who　hold　that　dignityby　antiquity　of　blood　and　not　by　the　grace　of　the　prince。　Such　baronshave　states　and　their　own　subjects；　who　recognize　them　as　lords　and　holdthem　in　natural　affection。　Those　states　that　are　governed　by　a　princeand　his　servants　hold　their　prince　in　more　consideration；　because　in　allthe　country　there　is　no　one　who　is　recognized　as　superior　to　him；　and　ifthey　yield　obedience　to　another　they　do　it　as　to　a　minister　andofficial；　and　they　do　not　bear　him　any　particular　affection。The　examples　of　these　two　governments　in　our　time　are　the　Turk　and　theKing　of　France。　The　entire　monarchy　of　the　Turk　is　governed　by　one　lord；the　others　are　his　servants；　and；　dividing　his　kingdom　into　sanjaks；　hesends　there　different　administrators；　and　shifts　and　changes　them　as　hechooses。　But　the　King　of　France　is　placed　in　the　midst　of　an　ancientbody　of　lords；　acknowledged　by　their　own　subjects；　and　beloved　by　them；they　have　their　own　prerogatives；　nor　can　the　king　take　these　awayexcept　at　his　peril。　Therefore；　he　who　considers　both　of　these　stateswill　recognize　great　difficulties　in　seizing　the　state　of　the　Turk；　but；once　it　is　conquered；　great　ease　in　holding　it。　The　causes　of　thedifficulties　in　seizing　the　kingdom　of　the　Turk　are　that　the　usurpercannot　be　called　in　by　the　princes　of　the　kingdom；　nor　can　he　hope　to　beassisted　in　his　designs　by　the　revolt　of　those　whom　the　lord　has　aroundhim。　This　arises　from　the　reasons　given　above；　for　his　ministers；　beingall　slaves　and　bondmen；　can　only　be　corrupted　with　great　difficulty；　andone　can　expect　little　advantage　from　them　when　they　have　been　corrupted；as　they　cannot　carry　the　people　with　them；　for　the　reasons　assigned。Hence；　he　who　attacks　the　Turk　must　bear　in　mind　that　he　will　find　himunited；　and　he　will　have　to　rely　more　on　his　own　strength　than　on　therevolt　of　others；　but；　if　once　the　Turk　has　been　conquered；　and　routedin　the　field　in　such　a　way　that　he　cannot　replace　his　armies；　there　isnothing　to　fear　but　the　family　of　the　prince；　and；　this　beingexterminated；　there　remains　no　one　to　fear；　the　others　having　no　creditwith　the　people；　and　as　the　conqueror　did　not　rely　on　them　before　hisvictory；　so　he　ought　not　to　fear　them　after　it。The　contrary　happens　in　kingdoms　governed　like　that　of　France；　becauseone　can　easily　enter　there　by　gaining　over　some　baron　of　the　kingdom；for　one　always　finds　malcontents　and　such　as　desire　a　change。　Such　men；for　the　reasons　given；　can　open　the　way　into　the　state　and　render　thevictory　easy；　but　if　you　wish　to　hold　it　afterwards；　you　meet　withinfinite　difficulties；　both　from　those　who　have　assisted　you　and　fromthose　you　have　crushed。　Nor　is　it　enough　for　you　to　have　exterminatedthe　family　of　the　prince；　because　the　lords　that　remain　make　themselvesthe　heads　of　fresh　movements　against　you；　and　as　you　are　unable　eitherto　satisfy　or　exterminate　them；　that　state　is　lost　whenever　time　bringsthe　opportunity。Now　if　you　will　consider　what　was　the　nature　of　the　government　ofDarius；　you　will　find　it　similar　to　the　kingdom　of　the　Turk；　andtherefore　it　was　only　necessary　for　Alexander；　first　to　overthrow　him　inthe　field；　and　then　to　take　the　country　from　him。　After　which　victory；Darius　being　killed；　the　state　remained　secure　to　Alexander；　for　theabove　reasons。　And　if　his　successors　had　been　united　they　would　haveenjoyed　it　securely　and　at　their　ease；　for　there　were　no　tumults　raisedin　the　kingdom　except　those　they　provoked　themselves。But　it　is　impossible　to　hold　with　such　tranquillity　states　constitutedlike　that　of　France。　Hence　arose　those　frequent　rebellions　against　theRomans　in　Spain；　France；　and　Greece；　owing　to　the　many　principalitiesthere　were　in　these　states；　of　which；　as　long　as　the　memory　of　themendured；　the　Romans　always　held　an　insecure　possession；　but　with　thepower　and　long　continuance　of　the　empire　the　memory　of　them　passed　away；and　the　Romans　then　became　secure　possessors。　And　when　fightingafterwards　amongst　themselves；　each　one　was　able　to　attach　to　himselfhis　own　parts　of　the　country；　according　to　the　authority　he　had　assumedthere；　and　the　family　of　the　former　lord　being　exterminated；　none　otherthan　the　Romans　were　acknowledged。When　these　things　are　remembered　no　one　will　marvel　at　the　ease　withwhich　Alexander　held　the　Empire　of　Asia；　or　at　the　difficulties　whichothers　have　had　to　keep　an　acquisition；　such　as　Pyrrhus　and　many　more；this　is　not　occasioned　by　the　little　or　abundance　of　ability　in　theconqueror；　but　by　the　want　of　uniformity　in　the　subject　state。CHAPTER　VCONCERNING　THE　WAY　TO　GOVERN　CITIES　OR　PRINCIPALITIES　WHICH　LIVED　UNDERTHEIR　OWN　LAWS　BEFORE　THEY　WERE　ANNEXEDWHENEVER　those　states　which　have　been　acquired　as　stated　have　beenaccustomed　to　live　under　their　own　laws　and　in　freedom；　there　are　threecourses　for　those　who　wish　to　hold　them：　the　first　is　to　ruin　them；　thenext　is　to　reside　there　in　person；　the　third　is　to　permit　them　to　liveunder　their　own　laws；　drawing　a　tribute；　and　establishing　within　it　anoligarchy　which　will　keep　it　friendly　to　you。　Because　such　a　government；being　created　by　the　prince；　knows　that　it　cannot　stand　without　hisfriendship　and　interest；　and　does　its　utmost　to　support　him；　andtherefore　he　who　would　keep　a　city　accustomed　to　freedom　will　hold　itmore　easily　by　the　means　of　its　own　citizens　than　in　any　other　way。There　are；　fo