《哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)》philosophy of history(英文版)-第16章

willed　and　acplished　something　great；　not　a　mere　fancy；　a　mere　intention；　but　that　which　met
the　case　and　fell　in　with　the　needs　of　the　age。　This　mode　of　considering　them　also　excludes　the
so…called　“psychological”　view；　which　—　serving　the　purpose　of　envy　most　effectually　…　contrives
so　to　refer　all　actions　to　the　heart；　—　to　bring　them　under　such　a　subjective　aspect　—　as　that　their
authors　appear　to　have　done　everything　under　the　impulse　of　some　passion；　mean　or　grand；　—
some　morbid　craving；　—　and　on　account　of　these　passions　and　cravings　to　have　been　not　moral
men。　Alexander　of　Macedon　partly　subdued　Greece；　and　then　Asia；　therefore　he　was　possessed
by　a　morbid　craving　for　conquest。　He　is　alleged　to　have　acted　from　a　craving　for　fame；　for
conquest；　and　the　proof　that　these　were　the　impelling　motives　is　that　he　did　that　which　resulted　in
fame。　What　pedagogue　has　not　demonstrated　of　Alexander　the　Great　—　of　Julius　Caesar　—　that
they　were　instigated　by　such　passions；　and　en；　—　whence　the
conclusion　immediately　follows　that　he；　the　pedagogue；　is　a　better　man　than　they；　because　he　has
not　such　passions；　a　proof　of　which　lies　in　the　fact　that　he　does　not　conquer　Asia；　—　vanquish
Darius　and　Porus；　—　but　while　he　enjoys　life　himself　lets　others　enjoy　it　too。　These　psychologists
are　particularly　fond　of　contemplating　those　peculiarities　of　great　historical　figures　which　appertain
to　them　as　private　persons。　Man　must　eat　and　drink；　he　sustains　relations　to　friends　and
acquaintances；　he　has　passing　impulses　and　ebullitions　of　temper。　“No　man　is　a　hero　to　his
valet…de…chambre；”　is　a　well…known　proverb；　I　have　added　—　and　Goethe　repeated　it　ten　years
later　—　“but　not　because　the　former　is　no　hero；　but　because　the　latter　is　a　valet。”　He　takes　off　the
hero"s　boots；　assists　him　to　bed；　knows　that　he　prefers　champagne；　&c。　Historical　personages
waited　upon　in　historical　literature　by　such　psychological　valets；　e　poorly　off；　they　are　brought
down　by　these　their　attendants　to　a　level　with　—　or　rather　a　few　degrees　below　the　level　of　—　the
morality　of　such　exquisite　discerners　of　spirits。　The　Thersites　of　Homer　who　abuses　the　kings　is　a
standing　figure　for　all　times。　Blows　—　that　is　beating　with　a　solid　cudgel　—　he　does　not　get　in　every
age　as　in　the　Homeric　one；　but　his　envy；　his　egotism；　is　the　thorn　which　he　has　to　carry　in　his　flesh；
and　the　undying　worm　that　gnaws　him　is　the　tormenting　consideration　that　his　excellent　views　and
vituperations　remain　absolutely　without　result　in　the　world。　But　our　satisfaction　at　the　fate　of
Thersitism　also；　may　have　its　sinister　side。　
§　35
A　World…historical　individual　is　not　so　unwise　as　to　indulge　a　variety　of　wishes　to　divide　his
regards。　He　is　devoted　to　the　One　Aim；　regardless　of　all　else。　It　is　even　possible　that　such　men
may　treat　other　great；　even　sacred　interests；　inconsiderately；　conduct　which　is　indeed　obnoxious　to
moral　reprehension。　But　so　mighty　a　form　must　trample　down　many　an　innocent　flower…crush　to
pieces　many　an　object　in　its　path。　
§　36
The　special　interest　of　passion　is　thus　inseparable　from　the　active　development　of　a　general
principle：　for　it　is　from　the　special　and　determinate　and　from　its　negation；　that　the　Universal　results。
Particularity　contends　with　its　like；　and　some　loss　is　involved　in　the　issue。　It　is　not　the　general　idea
that　is　implicated　in　opposition　and　bat；　and　that　is　exposed　to　danger。　It　remains　in　the
background；　untouched　and　uninjured。　This　may　be　called　the　cunning　of　reason；　—　that　it　sets
the　passions　to　work　for　itself；　while　that　which　develops　its　existence　through　such　impulsion　pays
the　penalty　and　suffers　loss。　For　it　is　phenomenal　being　that　is　so　treated；　and　of　this；　part　is　of　no
value；　part　is　positive　and　real。　The　particular　is　for　the　most　part　of　too　trifling　value　as　pared
with　the　general：　individuals　are　sacrificed　and　abandoned。　The　Idea　pays　the　penalty　of
determinate　existence　and　of　corruptibility；　not　from　itself；　but　from　the　passions　of　individuals。　
§　37
But　though　we　might　tolerate　the　idea　that　individuals；　their　desires　and　the　gratification　of　them；
are　thus　sacrificed；　and　their　happiness　given　up　to　the　empire　of　chance；　to　which　it　belongs；　and
that　as　a　general　rule；　individuals　e　under　the　category　of　means　to　an　ulterior　end；　—　there　is
one　aspect　of　human　individuality　which　we　should　hesitate　to　regard　in　that　subordinate　light；　even
in　relation　to　the　highest；　since　it　is　absolutely　no　subordinate　element；　but　exists　in　those　individuals
as　inherently　eternal　and　divine。　I　mean　morality；　ethics；　religion。　Even　when　speaking　of　the
realisation　of　the　great　ideal　aim　by　means　of　individuals；　the　subjective　element　in　them　—　their
interest　and　that　of　their　cravings　and　impulses；　their　views　and　judgments；　though　exhibited　as　the
merely　formal　side　of　their　existence；　—　was　spoken　of　as　having　an　infinite　right　to　be　consulted。
The　first　idea　that　presents　itself　in　speaking　of　means　is　that　of　something　external　to　the　object；
and　having　no　share　in　the　object　itself。　But　merely　natural　things　—　even　the　monest　lifeless
objects　—　used　as　means；　must　be　of　such　a　kind　as　adapts　them　to　their　purpose；　they　must
possess　something　in　mon　with　it。　Human　beings　least　of　all；　sustain　the　bare　external　relation
of　mere　means　to　the　great　ideal　aim。　Not　only　do　they　in　the　very　act　of　realising　it；　make　it　the
occasion　of　satisfying　personal　desires；　whose　purport　is　diverse　from　that　aim　—　but　they　share　in
that　ideal　aim　itself；　and　are　for　that　very　reason　objects　of　their　own　existence；　not　formally
merely；　as　the　world　of　living　beings　generally　is　—　whose　individual　life　is　essentially　subordinate
to　that　of　man；　and　is　properly　used　up　as　an　instrument。　Men；　on　the　contrary；　are　objects　of
existence　to　themselves；　as　regards　the　intrinsic　import　of　the　aim　in　question。　To　this　order
belongs　that　in　them　which　we　would　exclude　from　the　category　of　mere　means；　…　Morality；　Ethics；
Religion。　That　is　to　say；　man　is　an